For years, Mary Lumpkin was forced to bear her enslaver's children and help him run his jail, but when he died and left the property to her, she helped turn the prison into a school for Black students.
Library of CongressAn 1860s photograph of an unknown woman standing outside a slave jail in Alexandria, Virginia.
Around 1840, an enslaved child named Mary was sold to a man named Robert Lumpkin. He forced her to bear his children and help him run a slave jail in Richmond, Virginia. In the end, however, Mary Lumpkin turned his prison into a school for Black students.
Before and during the Civil War, slave jails were sites of confinement and torture for enslaved men, women, and children who tried to escape to free states or who were waiting to be sold. However, few were as notorious as Lumpkin’s Jail.
Mary Lumpkin witnessed the horrors that Robert put his prisoners through on a daily basis. When she inherited the jail compound upon Robert’s death, she immediately shut it down and leased it to a minister who wanted to establish a seminary for freedmen.
Today, that school is Virginia Union University. This is the story of how one enslaved woman helped turn a slave jail into one of the first historically Black colleges in the United States.
Who Was Mary Lumpkin?
Not much is known about Mary Lumpkin’s early life, but according to Smithsonian Magazine, she was born in 1832. She was described as “fair faced” and “nearly white,” and she may have been the child of an enslaved woman and her enslaver.
Robert Lumpkin purchased Mary at some point in the late 1830s or early 1840s, when she was still a child. By the time she was 13, Mary Lumpkin had already given birth to the first of Robert’s children — and she would go on to have at least four more.
Robert, who was 27 years older than Mary, bought the slave jail in the Shockoe Bottom area of Richmond, Virginia in 1844. It became known as Lumpkin’s Jail, and it was one of the cruelest prisons in the South. Some even called it the “Devil’s Half Acre.”
Special Collections, UVALumpkin’s Jail as it appeared in the mid-1800s.
As Mary Lumpkin continued to bear Robert’s children, she reportedly told him that he could treat her however he wanted as long as their kids remained free. It seems that Robert agreed. He even sent their two daughters, who were reportedly white-passing, to a finishing school in Massachusetts upon Mary’s urging.
Smithsonian Magazine reports that Charles Henry Corey, a former chaplain for the Union Army, claimed that Robert sent his daughters to school because he worried that a “financial contingency might arise when these, his own beautiful daughters, might be sold into slavery to pay his debts.”
This, of course, terrified Robert — because he knew they may be treated the same way he treated the Black prisoners who came through his jail.
Mary Lumpkin’s Life On The Devil’s Half Acre
There are several surviving contemporary accounts from enslaved men who were imprisoned at Lumpkin’s Jail — and some of them even mention Mary.
According to The Washington Post, a reverend named A. M. Newman recalled being sent to the jail as punishment when he was a child. He vividly remembered a “whipping room” with iron rings in the floor:
“The individual would be laid down, his hands and feet stretched out and fastened in the rings, and a great big man would stand over him and flog him.”
Mathew Benjamin Brady/Wikimedia CommonsAn 1863 photograph showing the scarred back of an enslaved man.
Newman also remembered Mary Lumpkin looking at him sadly after he was whipped. He said, “It seemed to me that she was saying ‘poor child.'”
In 1854, an enslaved man named Anthony Burns who had escaped to Boston from Virginia was captured and returned to the state because of the Fugitive Slave Act, sparking an abolitionist riot.
Despite the public outcry in the North, Burns was sent to Lumpkin’s Jail for four months as punishment. According to Encyclopedia Virginia, he was confined to a tiny room that could only be entered through a trap door.
He had no bed and instead slept on “a rude bench fastened against the wall and a single, coarse blanket.”
Chains held Burns’ wrists behind his back. The irons around his legs caused painful swelling.
The jailors gave Burns a fresh pail of water once a week. Once a day, he ate cornbread. Sometimes, he had a bite of spoiled meat. Unable to even relieve himself, Burns’ health dramatically declined. Even after his release, he was never the same, and he died in 1862 at the age of 28.
Library of CongressAnthony Burns met Mary Lumpkin while imprisoned at Lumpkin’s Jail.
During the course of Burns’ imprisonment, Mary Lumpkin allegedly sneaked a Bible and a hymnal into his cell in an effort to keep his spirits up.
Although she was enslaved herself and held very little power, Mary did everything she could to help the prisoners who came through Robert’s jail. And as soon as she had the chance, she shut it all down for good.
How Mary Lumpkin Helped Turn A Slave Jail Into An HBCU
When Robert Lumpkin died in 1866, Mary and her children were living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where they’d moved when the Civil War broke out to avoid being captured and sold into slavery.
Robert left the jail to Mary in his will, but she wanted nothing to do with it. So when she heard that an abolitionist minister named Nathaniel Colver was searching for a place to establish a seminary for formerly enslaved people, she gladly leased him the land.
Wikimedia CommonsAn aerial view of the site of Lumpkin’s Jail as it looks today.
Workers tore apart the jail and its cells, removing the iron bars and chains to create classrooms. On the small patch of land where enslaved people had once been tortured, Black students began receiving an education at the Richmond Theological School for Freedmen.
Charles Henry Corey declared, “The old slave pen was no longer the ‘devil’s half acre’ but ‘God’s half acre.'”
After several years, the school needed room to expand, and it moved to a different area of the city. Mary Lumpkin sold the property in 1873, and the jail was demolished in 1876. After living out the rest of her life as a free woman, Mary died in 1905 and was buried in New Richmond, Ohio.
Eventually, the Richmond Theological School for Freedmen became Virginia Union University, which remains one of the oldest HBCUs in the country to this day.
VCU Libraries CommonsA 1910 postcard showing Pickford Hall at Virginia Union University.
At its dedication in 1900, the university’s president spoke of Mary’s legacy: “Lumpkin’s Jail, which had been the scene of some of the most heartless and saddest incidents of slavery, now became the set of theological instruction. The rings in the floor to which slaves had been chained gave place to school desk and bench.”
And in 2022, Virginia Union University president Hakim J. Lucas said, “For Virginia Union to have a forming story rooted in Black womanness… it’s a story of its own.”
Mary Lumpkin helped tear down slavery’s dark legacy. Next, read about how Biddy Mason escaped slavery to become a real estate magnate. Then, learn the true history of Juneteenth.
